Oracle Useful Information Initialisation Parameter List and Descriptons

Updated : 2-November-1998
Updated : 24-May-1999
Version : 1.1

Description

This is an alpabetical list of the initora parameters and a short description of each. This was run against an Oracle 8i database with the following script.

select  nam.ksppinm                             name,
        nam.ksppdesc                            description
from    x$ksppi         nam,
        x$ksppsv        val
where nam.indx = val.indx
order by 1
/

Parameters

NAME	DESCRIPTION
_advanced_dss_features	enable advanced dss features
_affinity_on	enable/disable affinity at run time
_all_shared_dblinks	treat all dblinks as shared
_allocate_creation_order	should files be examined in creation order during allocation
_allow_read_only_corruption	allow read-only open even if database is corrupt
_allow_resetlogs_corruption	allow resetlogs even if it will cause corruption
_always_star_transformation	always favor use of star transformation
_arch_io_slaves	ARCH I/O slaves
_average_dirties_half_life	Half life in bytes of first dirties running average
_b_tree_bitmap_plans	enable the use of bitmap plans for tables w. only B-tree indexes
_backup_disk_io_slaves	BACKUP Disk I/O slaves
_backup_io_pool_size	memory to reserve from the large pool
_bump_highwater_mark_count	how many blocks should we allocate per free list on advancing HW
_cleanup_rollback_entries	no. of undo entries to apply per transaction cleanup
_close_cached_open_cursors	close cursors cached by PL/SQL at each commit
_column_elimination_off	turn off predicate-only column elimination
_compatible_no_recovery	Database will be compatible unless crash or media recovery is ne
_complex_view_merging	enable complex view merging
_controlfile_enqueue_timeout	control file enqueue timeout in seconds
_corrupt_blocks_on_stuck_recovery	number of times to corrupt a block when media recovery stuck
_corrupted_rollback_segments	corrupted undo segment list
_cpu_to_io	multiplier for converting CPU cost to I/O cost
_cr_server	if TRUE enable CR server (DFS)
_cursor_db_buffers_pinned	additional number of buffers a cursor can pin at once
_db_aging_cool_count	Touch count set when buffer cooled
_db_aging_freeze_cr	Make CR buffers always be too cold to keep in cache
_db_aging_hot_criteria	Touch count which sends a buffer to head of replacement list
_db_aging_stay_count	Touch count set when buffer moved to head of replacement list
_db_aging_touch_time	Touch count which sends a buffer to head of replacement list
_db_block_cache_clone	Always clone data blocks on get (for debugging)
_db_block_cache_map	Map / unmap and track reference counts on blocks (for debugging)
_db_block_cache_protect	protect database blocks (true only when debugging)
_db_block_hash_buckets	Number of database block hash buckets
_db_block_hash_latches	Number of database block hash latches
_db_block_hi_priority_batch_size	Fraction of writes for high priority reasons
_db_block_max_cr_dba	Maximum Allowed Number of CR buffers per dba
_db_block_max_scan_cnt	Maximum number of buffers to inspect when looking for free
_db_block_med_priority_batch_size	Fraction of writes for medium priority reasons
_db_block_numa	Number of NUMA nodes
_db_file_noncontig_mblock_read_count	number of noncontiguous db blocks to be prefetched
_db_handles	System-wide simultaneous buffer operations
_db_handles_cached	Buffer handles cached each process
_db_large_dirty_queue	Number of buffers which force dirty queue to be written
_db_no_mount_lock	do not get a mount lock
_db_percent_hot_default	Percent of default buffer pool considered hot
_db_percent_hot_keep	Percent of keep buffer pool considered hot
_db_percent_hot_recycle	Percent of recycle buffer pool considered hot
_db_writer_chunk_writes	Number of writes DBWR should wait for
_db_writer_histogram_statistics	maintain dbwr histogram statistics in x$kcbbhs
_db_writer_max_writes	Max number of outstanding DB Writer IOs
_db_writer_scan_depth	Number of LRU buffers for dbwr to scan when looking for dirty
_dbwr_async_io	Enable dbwriter asynchronous writes
_dbwr_scan_interval	dbwriter scan interval
_dbwr_tracing	Enable dbwriter tracing
_defer_multiple_waiters	if TRUE defer down converts when there were waiters (DFS)
_disable_file_locks	disable file locks for control data redo log files
_disable_incremental_checkpoints	Disable incremental checkpoints for thread recovery
_disable_latch_free_SCN_writes_via_32cas	disable latch-free SCN writes using 32-bit compare & swap
_disable_latch_free_SCN_writes_via_64cas	disable latch-free SCN writes using 64-bit compare & swap
_disable_logging	Disable logging
_disable_ntlog_events	Disable logging to NT event log
_discrete_transactions_enabled	enable OLTP mode
_disk_get_lock	if TRUE get a lock after disk status (DFS)
_distributed_lock_timeout	number of seconds a distributed transaction waits for a lock
_distributed_recovery_connection_hold_time	number of seconds RECO holds outbound connections open
_domain_index_batch_size	maximum number of rows from one call to domain index fetch routi
_domain_index_dml_batch_size	maximum number of rows for one call to domain index dml routines
_dss_cache_flush	enable full cache flush for parallel execution
_dump_MTTR_to_trace	Dump High Availability MTTR infromation to CKPT trace file
_dynamic_stats_threshold	delay threshold (in seconds) between sending statistics messages
_enable_block_level_transaction_recovery	enable block level recovery
_enable_cscn_caching	enable commit SCN caching for all transactions
_enable_default_affinity	to enable default implementation of affinity osds
_enable_list_io	Enable List I/O
_enable_multitable_sampling	enable multitable sampling
_enable_NUMA_optimization	Enable NUMA specific optimizations
_enqueue_debug_multi_instance	debug enqueue multi instance
_enqueue_hash	enqueue hash table length
_enqueue_hash_chain_latches	enqueue hash chain latches
_enqueue_locks	locks for managed enqueues
_fairness_threshold	number of times to CR serve before downgrading lock (DFS)
_fast_full_scan_enabled	enable/disable index fast full scan
_fifth_spare_parameter	fifth spare parameter - string
_first_spare_parameter	first spare parameter - integer
_flush_log	if TRUE flush log before serving a cr buffer (DFS)
_foreground_locks	if TRUE foregrounds acquire PCM locks (DFS)
_fourth_spare_parameter	fourth spare parameter - string
_freeze_DB_for_fast_instance_recovery	freeze database during instance recovery
_full_pwise_join_enabled	enable full partition-wise join when TRUE
_gc_class_locks	set locks for the minor classes (DFS)
_gc_latches	number of latches per lock process (DFS)
_gc_lck_procs	number of background parallel server lock processes to start
_groupby_nopushdown_cut_ratio	groupby nopushdown cut ratio
_groupby_orderby_combine	groupby/orderby don't combine threshold
_high_server_threshold	high server thresholds
_idl_conventional_index_maintenance	enable conventional index maintenance for insert direct load
_improved_outerjoin_card	improved outer-join cardinality calculation
_improved_row_length_enabled	enable the improvements for computing the average row length
_index_join_enabled	enable the use of index joins
_index_prefetch_factor	index prefetching factor
_init_sql_file	File containing SQL statements to execute upon database creation
_io_slaves_disabled	Do not use I/O slaves
_ioslave_batch_count	Per attempt IOs picked
_ioslave_issue_count	IOs issued before completion check
_kcl_debug	if TRUE record le history (DFS)
_kgl_bucket_count	index to the bucket count array
_kgl_latch_count	number of library cache latches
_kgl_multi_instance_invalidation	whether KGL to support multi-instance invalidations
_kgl_multi_instance_lock	whether KGL to support multi-instance locks
_kgl_multi_instance_pin	whether KGL to support multi-instance pins
_kkfi_trace	trace expression substitution
_large_pool_min_alloc	minimum allocation size in bytes for the large allocation pool
_latch_miss_stat_sid	Sid of process for which to collect latch stats
_latch_recovery_alignment	align latch recovery structures
_latch_wait_posting	post sleeping processes when free latch
_lazy_freelist_close	if TRUE locks on the freelist are closed (DFS)
_left_nested_loops_random	enable random distribution method for left of nestedloops
_lgwr_async_io	LGWR Asynchronous IO enabling boolean flag
_lgwr_io_slaves	LGWR I/O slaves
_lm_ast_option	enable ast passthrough option
_lm_direct_sends	Processes which will do direct lock manager sends
_lm_dlmd_procs	number of background lock manager daemon processes to start
_lm_domains	number of groups configured for the lock manager
_lm_groups	number of groups configured for the lock manager
_lm_non_fault_tolerant	disable lock manager fault-tolerance mode
_lm_send_buffers	number of lock manager send buffers
_lm_statistics	enable lock manager statistics collection
_lm_xids	number of transaction IDs configured for the lock manager
_lock_sga_areas	Lock specified areas of the SGA in physical memory
_log_archive_buffer_size	Size of each archival buffer in log file blocks
_log_archive_buffers	Number of buffers to allocate for archiving
_log_blocks_during_backup	log block images when changed during backup
_log_buffers_debug	debug redo buffers (slows things down)
_log_checkpoint_recovery_check	# redo blocks to verify after checkpoint
_log_debug_multi_instance	debug redo multi instance code
_log_io_size	automatically initiate log write if this many redo blocks in buf
_log_simultaneous_copies	number of simultaneous copies into redo buffer(# of copy latches
_log_space_errors	should we report space errors to alert log
_low_server_threshold	low server thresholds
_max_exponential_sleep	max sleep during exponential backoff
_max_sleep_holding_latch	max time to sleep while holding a latch
_max_transaction_branches	max. number of branches per distributed transaction
_messages	message queue resources - dependent on # processes & # buffers
_minimum_giga_scn	Minimum SCN to start with in 2^30 units
_mts_load_constants	server load balancing constants
_mts_rate_log_size	number of rate statistic events to log
_mts_rate_scale	scale to display rate statistic (100ths of a second)
_ncmb_readahead_enabled	enable multi-block readahead for an index scan
_ncmb_readahead_tracing	turn on multi-block readahead tracing
_nested_loop_fudge	nested loop fudge
_no_objects	no object features are used
_no_or_expansion	OR expansion during optimization disabled
_NUMA_instance_mapping	Set of nodes that this instance should run on
_NUMA_pool_size	aggregate size in bytes of NUMA pool
_number_cached_attributes	maximum number of cached attributes per instance
_offline_rollback_segments	offline undo segment list
_ogms_home	GMS home directory
_open_files_limit	Limit on number of files opened by I/O subsystem
_optim_enhance_nnull_detection	TRUE to enable index [fast] full scan more often
_optimizer_mode_force	force setting of optimizer mode for user recursive SQL also
_optimizer_undo_changes	undo changes to query optimizer
_oracle_trace_events	Oracle TRACE event flags
_oracle_trace_facility_version	Oracle TRACE facility version
_ordered_nested_loop	enable ordered nested loop costing
_ordered_semijoin	enable ordered semi-join subquery
_parallel_adaptive_max_users	maximum number of users running with default DOP
_parallel_default_max_instances	default maximum number of instances for parallel query
_parallel_execution_message_align	Alignment of PX buffers to OS page boundary
_parallel_fake_class_pct	fake db-scheduler percent used for testing
_parallel_load_bal_unit	number of threads to allocate per instance
_parallel_load_balancing	parallel execution load balanced slave allocation
_parallel_min_message_pool	minimum size of shared pool memory to reserve for pq servers
_parallel_recovery_stopat	stop at -position- to step through SMON
_parallel_server_idle_time	idle time before parallel query server dies
_parallel_server_sleep_time	sleep time between dequeue timeouts (in 1/100ths)
_parallelism_cost_fudge_factor	set the parallelism cost fudge factor
_partial_pwise_join_enabled	enable partial partition-wise join when TRUE
_passwordfile_enqueue_timeout	password file enqueue timeout in seconds
_pdml_gim_sampling	control separation of global index maintenance for PDML
_pdml_gim_staggered	slaves start on different index when doing index maint
_pdml_slaves_diff_part	slaves start on different partition when doing index maint
_plsql_dump_buffer_events	conditions upon which the PL/SQL circular buffer is dumped
_predicate_elimination_enabled	allow predicate elimination if set to TRUE
_project_view_columns	enable projecting out unreferenced columns of a view
_push_join_predicate	enable pushing join predicate inside a view
_px_broadcast_fudge_factor	set the tq broadcasting fudge factor percentage
_px_broadcast_trace	dump trace information about decisions as to when to broadcast
_px_granule_size	default size of a rowid range granule (in KB)
_px_index_sampling	parallel query sampling for index create (100000 = 100%)
_px_kxib_tracing	turn on kxib tracing
_px_load_publish_interval	interval at which LMON will check whether to publish PX load
_px_max_granules_per_slave	maximum number of rowid range granules to generate per slave
_px_min_granules_per_slave	minimum number of rowid range granules to generate per slave
_px_no_stealing	prevent parallel granule stealing in shared nothing environment
_PX_use_large_pool	Use Large Pool as source of PX buffers
_query_cost_rewrite	perform the cost based rewrite with materialized views
_query_rewrite_2	perform query rewrite before&after or only after view merging
_query_rewrite_fudge	cost based query rewrite with MVs fudge factor
_release_insert_threshold	maximum number of unusable blocks to unlink from freelist
_reuse_index_loop	number of blocks being examine for index block reuse
_rollback_segment_count	number of undo segments
_rollback_segment_initial	starting undo segment number
_row_cache_buffer_size	size of row cache circular buffer
_row_cache_cursors	number of cached cursors for row cache management
_row_cache_instance_locks	number of row cache instance locks
_save_escalates	if TRUE save escalates from basts (DFS)
_scn_scheme	SCN scheme
_second_spare_parameter	second spare parameter - integer
_serial_direct_read	enable direct read in serial
_session_idle_bit_latches	one latch per session or a latch per group of sessions
_shared_pool_reserved_min_alloc	minimum allocation size in bytes for reserved area of shared poo
_single_process	run without detached processes
_small_table_threshold	threshold level of table size for forget-bit enabled during scan
_sort_space_for_write_buffers	tenths of sort_area_size devoted to direct write buffers
_spin_count	Amount to spin waiting for a latch
_sql_connect_capability_override	SQL Connect Capability Table Override
_sql_connect_capability_table	SQL Connect Capability Table (testing only)
_sqlexec_progression_cost	sql execution progression monitoring cost threshold
_status_buffer	if TRUE use a separate buffer for cr-status (DFS)
_system_trig_enabled	system triggers are enabled
_temp_tran_block_threshold	number of blocks for a dimension before we temp transform
_temp_tran_cache	determines if temp table is created with cache option
_test_param_1	test parmeter 1
_test_param_2	test parameter 2
_test_param_3	test parameter 3
_third_spare_parameter	third spare parameter - integer
_tq_dump_period	time period for duping of TQ statistics (s)
_trace_archive_dest	trace archival destination
_trace_archive_start	start trace process on SGA initialization
_trace_block_size	trace block size
_trace_buffer_flushes	trace buffer flushes if otrace cacheIO event is set
_trace_buffers_per_process	trace buffers per process
_trace_cr_buffer_creates	trace cr buffer creates if otrace cacheIO event is set
_trace_enabled	Should tracing be enabled at startup
_trace_events	turns on and off trace events
_trace_file_size	trace file size
_trace_files_public	Create publicly accessible trace files
_trace_flushing	TRWR should try to keep tracing buffers clean
_trace_multi_block_reads	trace multi_block reads if otrace cacheIO event is set
_trace_write_batch_size	trace write batch size
_transaction_recovery_servers	max number of parallel recovery slaves that may be used
_use_ism	Enable Shared Page Tables - ISM
_use_nosegment_indexes	use nosegment indexes in explain plan
_use_vector_post	use vector post
_wait_for_sync	wait for sync on commit MUST BE ALWAYS TRUE
_walk_insert_threshold	maximum number of unusable blocks to walk across freelist
_write_clones	write clones flag
_yield_check_interval	interval to check whether actses should yield
always_anti_join	always use this anti-join when possible
always_semi_join	always use this semi-join when possible
aq_tm_processes	number of AQ Time Managers to start
audit_trail	enable system auditing
background_dump_dest	Detached process dump directory
backup_tape_io_slaves	BACKUP Tape I/O slaves
bitmap_merge_area_size	maximum memory allow for BITMAP MERGE
blank_trimming	blank trimming semantics parameter
buffer_pool_keep	Number of database blocks/latches in keep buffer pool
buffer_pool_recycle	Number of database blocks/latches in recycle buffer pool
commit_point_strength	Bias this node has toward not preparing in a two-phase commit
compatible	Database will be completely compatible with this software versio
control_file_record_keep_time	control file record keep time in days
control_files	control file names list
cpu_count	number of cpu's for this instance
create_bitmap_area_size	size of create bitmap buffer for bitmap index
cursor_space_for_time	use more memory in order to get faster execution
db_block_buffers	Number of database blocks cached in memory
db_block_checking	data and index block checking
db_block_checksum	store checksum in db blocks and check during reads
db_block_lru_latches	number of lru latches
db_block_max_dirty_target	Upper bound on modified buffers/recovery reads
db_block_size	Size of database block in bytes
db_domain	directory part of global database name stored with CREATE DATABA
db_file_direct_io_count	Sequential I/O block count
db_file_multiblock_read_count	db block to be read each IO
db_file_name_convert	datafile name convert pattern and string for standby/clone datab
db_files	max allowable # db files
db_name	database name specified in CREATE DATABASE
db_writer_processes	number of background database writer processes to start
dblink_encrypt_login	enforce password for distributed login always be encrypted
dbwr_io_slaves	DBWR I/O slaves
disk_asynch_io	Use asynch I/O for random access devices
distributed_transactions	max. number of concurrent distributed transactions
dml_locks	dml locks - one for each table modified in a transaction
enqueue_resources	resources for enqueues
ent_domain_name	Enterprise Domain Name
event	debug event control - default null string
fast_start_io_target	Upper bound on recovery reads
fast_start_parallel_rollback	max number of parallel recovery slaves that may be used
fixed_date	fixed SYSDATE value
gc_defer_time	how long to defer down converts for hot buffers (DFS)
gc_files_to_locks	mapping between file numbers and lock buckets (DFS)
gc_releasable_locks	number of releasable locks (DFS)
gc_rollback_locks	locks for the rollback segments (DFS)
global_names	enforce that database links have same name as remote database
hash_area_size	size of in-memory hash work area
hash_join_enabled	enable/disable hash join
hash_multiblock_io_count	number of blocks hash join will read/write at once
hi_shared_memory_address	SGA starting address (high order 32-bits on 64-bit platforms)
hs_autoregister	enable automatic server DD updates in HS agent self-registration
ifile	include file in init.ora
instance_groups	list of instance group names
instance_name	instance name supported by the instance
instance_number	instance number
java_max_sessionspace_size	max allowed size in bytes of a Java sessionspace
java_pool_size	size in bytes of the Java pool
java_soft_sessionspace_limit	warning limit on size in bytes of a Java sessionspace
job_queue_interval	Wakeup interval in seconds for job queue processes
job_queue_processes	number of job queue processes to start
large_pool_size	size in bytes of the large allocation pool
license_max_sessions	maximum number of non-system user sessions allowed
license_max_users	maximum number of named users that can be created in the databas
license_sessions_warning	warning level for number of non-system user sessions
lm_locks	number of locks configured for the lock manager
lm_procs	number of client processes configured for the lock manager
lm_ress	number of resources configured for the lock manager
local_listener	local listener
lock_name_space	lock name space used for generating lock names for standby/clone
lock_sga	Lock entire SGA in physical memory
log_archive_dest	archival destination text string
log_archive_dest_1	archival destination #1 text string
log_archive_dest_2	archival destination #2 text string
log_archive_dest_3	archival destination #3 text string
log_archive_dest_4	archival destination #4 text string
log_archive_dest_5	archival destination #5 text string
log_archive_dest_state_1	archival destination #1 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_2	archival destination #2 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_3	archival destination #3 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_4	archival destination #4 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_5	archival destination #5 state text string
log_archive_duplex_dest	duplex archival destination text string
log_archive_format	archival destination format
log_archive_max_processes	maximum number of active ARCH processes
log_archive_min_succeed_dest	minimum number of archive destinations that must succeed
log_archive_start	start archival process on SGA initialization
log_buffer	redo circular buffer size
log_checkpoint_interval	# redo blocks checkpoint threshold
log_checkpoint_timeout	Maximum time interval between checkpoints in seconds
log_checkpoints_to_alert	log checkpoint begin/end to alert file
log_file_name_convert	logfile name convert pattern and string for standby/clone databa
max_commit_propagation_delay	Max age of new snapshot in .01 seconds
max_dump_file_size	Maximum size (blocks) of dump file
max_enabled_roles	max number of roles a user can have enabled
max_rollback_segments	max. number of rollback segments in SGA cache
mts_dispatchers	specifications of dispatchers
mts_listener_address	address(es) of network listener
mts_max_dispatchers	max number of dispatchers
mts_max_servers	max number of servers
mts_multiple_listeners	Are multiple listeners enabled?
mts_servers	number of servers to start up
mts_service	service supported by dispatchers
nls_calendar	NLS calendar system name
nls_comp	NLS comparison
nls_currency	NLS local currency symbol
nls_date_format	NLS Oracle date format
nls_date_language	NLS date language name
nls_dual_currency	Dual currency symbol
nls_iso_currency	NLS ISO currency territory name
nls_language	NLS language name
nls_numeric_characters	NLS numeric characters
nls_sort	NLS linguistic definition name
nls_territory	NLS territory name
nls_time_format	time format
nls_time_tz_format	time with timezone format
nls_timestamp_format	time stamp format
nls_timestamp_tz_format	timestampe with timezone format
O7_DICTIONARY_ACCESSIBILITY	Version 7 Dictionary Accessibility Support
object_cache_max_size_percent	percentage of maximum size over optimal of the user session's ob
object_cache_optimal_size	optimal size of the user session's object cache in bytes
open_cursors	max # cursors per process
open_links	max # open links per session
open_links_per_instance	max # open links per instance
optimizer_features_enable	optimizer plan compatibility parameter
optimizer_index_caching	optimizer percent index caching
optimizer_index_cost_adj	optimizer index cost adjustment
optimizer_max_permutations	optimizer maximum join permutations per query block
optimizer_mode	optimizer mode
optimizer_percent_parallel	optimizer percent parallel
optimizer_search_limit	optimizer search limit
oracle_trace_collection_name	Oracle TRACE default collection name
oracle_trace_collection_path	Oracle TRACE collection path
oracle_trace_collection_size	Oracle TRACE collection file max. size
oracle_trace_enable	Oracle TRACE instance wide enable/disable
oracle_trace_facility_name	Oracle TRACE default facility name
oracle_trace_facility_path	Oracle TRACE facility path
os_authent_prefix	prefix for auto-logon accounts
os_roles	retrieve roles from the operating system
parallel_adaptive_multi_user	enable adaptive setting of degree for multiple user streams
parallel_automatic_tuning	enable intelligent defaults for parallel execution parameters
parallel_broadcast_enabled	enable broadcasting of small inputs to hash and sort merge joins
parallel_execution_message_size	message buffer size for parallel execution
parallel_instance_group	instance group to use for all parallel operations
parallel_max_servers	maximum parallel query servers per instance
parallel_min_percent	minimum percent of threads required for parallel query
parallel_min_servers	minimum parallel query servers per instance
parallel_server	if TRUE startup in parallel server mode
parallel_server_instances	number of instances to use for sizing OPS SGA structures
parallel_threads_per_cpu	number of parallel execution threads per CPU
partition_view_enabled	enable/disable partitioned views
plsql_load_without_compile	PL/SQL load without compilation flag
plsql_v2_compatibility	PL/SQL version 2.x compatibility flag
pre_page_sga	pre-page sga for process
processes	user processes
query_rewrite_enabled	allow rewrite of queries using materialized views if enabled
query_rewrite_integrity	perform rewrite using materialized views with desired integrity
rdbms_server_dn	RDBMS's Distinguished Name
read_only_open_delayed	if TRUE delay opening of read only files until first access
recovery_parallelism	number of server processes to use for parallel recovery
remote_dependencies_mode	remote-procedure-call dependencies mode parameter
remote_login_passwordfile	password file usage parameter
remote_os_authent	allow non-secure remote clients to use auto-logon accounts
remote_os_roles	allow non-secure remote clients to use os roles
replication_dependency_tracking	tracking dependency for Replication parallel propagation
resource_limit	master switch for resource limit
resource_manager_plan	resource mgr top plan
rollback_segments	undo segment list
row_locking	row-locking
serial_reuse	reuse the frame segments
serializable	serializable
service_names	service names supported by the instance
session_cached_cursors	number of cursors to save in the session cursor cache
session_max_open_files	maximum number of open files allowed per session
sessions	user and system sessions
shared_memory_address	SGA starting address (low order 32-bits on 64-bit platforms)
shared_pool_reserved_size	size in bytes of reserved area of shared pool
shared_pool_size	size in bytes of shared pool
sort_area_retained_size	size of in-memory sort work area retained between fetch calls
sort_area_size	size of in-memory sort work area
sort_multiblock_read_count	multi-block read count for sort
sql_trace	enable SQL trace
sql92_security	require select privilege for searched update/delete
standby_archive_dest	standby database archivelog destination text string
star_transformation_enabled	enable the use of star transformation
tape_asynch_io	Use asynch I/O requests for tape devices
text_enable	enable text searching
thread	Redo thread to mount
timed_os_statistics	internal os statistic gathering interval in seconds
timed_statistics	maintain internal timing statistics
transaction_auditing	transaction auditing records generated in the redo log
transactions	max. number of concurrent active transactions
transactions_per_rollback_segment	number of active transactions per rollback segment
use_indirect_data_buffers	Enable indirect data buffers (very large SGA on 32-bit platforms
user_dump_dest	User process dump directory
utl_file_dir	utl_file accessible directories list

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